Keywords: Stoicism, Stoic virtues, practical Stoicism, modern life, ethical living, self-improvement, ancient philosophy, arete, virtus.

Arete and Virtus: Reimagining Virtue in the Modern World

When we think of the word “virtue” today, it may come across as something abstract, distant, or even outdated. For many, it brings to mind ideas of moral goodness or righteousness. However, the original meaning of virtue, as conceived by the ancient Greeks and Romans, is far richer and more dynamic. To fully understand Stoicism, we must first reimagine what virtue truly meant in its original context — through the Greek term arete and the Latin term virtus.

In Greek, arete means far more than just virtue. It signifies excellence — the pursuit of living up to one’s highest potential. Whether in thought, action, or moral character, arete speaks to the very essence of being the best version of oneself. It’s about striving for greatness in every facet of life, not as a passive state of goodness but as an active, ongoing effort to improve and achieve excellence. This idea of living with arete connects directly to what the Stoics considered the foundation of a good life.

Similarly, the Latin word virtus carries a powerful message. Originally tied to the concept of manliness or heroic strength, virtus speaks to qualities of courage, resilience, and strength of character. The Romans believed that virtus was not just about moral goodness but about embodying the very essence of human strength — acting with integrity and valor, especially in the face of challenges.

Both arete and virtus elevate our understanding of virtue to something far beyond the modern concept. They highlight the Stoic belief that virtue is not just about being morally upright, but about continually striving for excellence, living with courage, wisdom, and integrity. To live a truly virtuous life, according to the Stoics, is to embrace our potential for greatness in every aspect of our existence.

The Stoic Virtues: Pillars of a Fulfilling Life

With this reimagined understanding of virtue, the Stoics identified four cardinal virtues: Wisdom (phronesis), Courage (andreia), Justice (dikaiosyne), and Temperance (sophrosyne). These virtues form the core of Stoic philosophy and provide timeless guidance on how to live a meaningful, fulfilling life.

Each of these virtues serves as a practical tool for navigating life’s challenges, helping us act with reason, face adversity with bravery, treat others fairly, and maintain balance in all areas of life.

1. Wisdom

Definition: Wisdom in Stoicism is the ability to understand the world rationally and to act accordingly. It involves discerning what is within our control and what is not, making decisions based on reason, and seeking knowledge and understanding throughout life.

Quote: “It is impossible for a man to learn what he thinks he already knows.” — Epictetus

Practical Examples in Modern Life:

• In Decision-Making: Suppose you’re contemplating a significant career change, such as switching industries or pursuing further education. Practicing wisdom means thoroughly researching your options, understanding the implications of your decision, and reflecting on your long-term goals and values. It involves seeking advice from mentors, acknowledging the limits of your knowledge, and being open to learning.
• In Daily Interactions: Imagine receiving an email that upsets you. Instead of reacting impulsively, wisdom encourages you to pause, consider the intent behind the message, and respond thoughtfully. By applying reason over emotion, you prevent misunderstandings and maintain positive relationships.
• Accepting the Uncontrollable: If a flight is delayed due to weather conditions, rather than becoming frustrated, recognize that such events are outside your influence. Use the time productively—read a book, catch up on work, or practice mindfulness.

“The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts.” — Marcus Aurelius

Reading Suggestion: Meditations by Marcus Aurelius –
Nearly two thousand years after it was written, Meditations remains profoundly relevant for anyone seeking to lead a meaningful life.

Your ability to control your thoughts—treat it with respect. It’s all that protects your mind from false perceptions—false to your nature, and that of all rational beings.

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2. Courage

Definition: Courage in Stoicism is not merely physical bravery but includes moral courage—the strength to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or discouragement. It’s about confronting fears and challenges with determination and integrity.

Quote: “How long are you going to wait before you demand the best for yourself?” — Epictetus

Practical Examples in Modern Life:

• Facing Ethical Dilemmas: If you witness unethical behavior at work, such as a colleague falsifying reports, practicing courage means speaking up about the misconduct, even if it risks backlash or affects your standing. It’s about prioritizing integrity over personal gain.
• Overcoming Personal Fears: Fear of public speaking is common, yet presenting your ideas could advance your career. Courage involves facing that fear by practicing, seeking support, and delivering the presentation despite your anxiety.
• Personal Growth and Change: Deciding to end a toxic relationship, seeking therapy for mental health issues, or embracing a new challenge like starting a business are acts of courage that require facing discomfort for a greater good.

“He who is brave is free.” — Seneca

Reading Suggestion: The Obstacle Is The Way – Ryan Holiday – The book draws its inspiration from stoicism, the ancient Greek philosophy of enduring pain or adversity with perseverance and resilience. Stoics focus on the things they can control, let go of everything else, and turn every new obstacle into an opportunity to get better, stronger, tougher. As Marcus Aurelius put it nearly 2000 years ago: “The impediment to action advances action. What stands in the way becomes the way.”

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3. Justice

Definition: Justice in Stoicism is about doing what is right, being fair, and acting for the common good. It encompasses honesty, fairness, kindness, and respect in our interactions with others.

Quote: “If it is not right, do not do it; if it is not true, do not say it.” — Marcus Aurelius

Practical Examples in Modern Life:

• Fair Leadership: As a manager responsible for allocating resources among your team, practicing justice means distributing work and opportunities fairly, without favoritism, and recognizing each person’s contributions.
• Community Involvement: Participating in community service or activism, such as volunteering at a local shelter, advocating for environmental conservation, or supporting social justice causes, are ways to act justly and contribute positively to society.
• Everyday Interactions: Justice involves treating others with respect, listening actively, and showing empathy. If a friend confides in you, being present and supportive without judgment reflects the virtue of justice.

“Man is born for deeds of kindness.” — Marcus Aurelius

Reading suggestion: How to Be a Stoic by Massimo Pigliucci. – An engaging guide to how Stoicism – the ancient philosophy of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius – can provide lessons for living in the modern world

4. Temperance

Definition: Temperance is the practice of self-control, moderation, and balance. It involves regulating desires and impulses, and not allowing external pleasures or pains to dominate our actions and decisions.

Quote: “No man is free who is not master of himself.” — Epictetus

Practical Examples in Modern Life:

• Digital Discipline: With the constant presence of digital devices and social media, practicing temperance might involve setting boundaries for screen time, engaging in digital detoxes, or mindfully consuming content to prevent overstimulation and maintain mental health.
• Financial Responsibility: Managing personal finances by budgeting, saving, and avoiding unnecessary debt reflects temperance. It allows for financial stability and reduces stress associated with overindulgence in spending.
• Health and Wellness: Temperance manifests in balanced eating habits, regular exercise, and adequate rest. Rather than following extreme diets or overexerting oneself, temperance promotes sustainable and healthy lifestyle choices.

“Be moderate in order to taste the joys of life in abundance.” — Epicurus (Though not a Stoic, this quote aligns with the Stoic virtue of temperance.)

Conclusion

Incorporating the four Stoic virtues—Wisdom, Courage, Justice, and Temperance—into your daily life can profoundly impact your well-being and interactions with others. These virtues provide a compass for navigating life’s complexities, promoting resilience, ethical behavior, and personal growth.

Stoicism teaches that while we cannot control external events, we can control our responses. By cultivating these virtues, we align ourselves with reason and nature, leading to a fulfilling and meaningful life.

Final Quote: “Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one.” — Marcus Aurelius

A Handbook for New Stoics by Massimo Pigliucci and Gregory Lopez. A pragmatic philosophy more popular than ever―here are 52 ancient lessons to help you overcome adversity and find tranquility in the modern world.

As we all continue to navigate our personal journeys, embracing the principles of Stoicism is a path of continuous learning and self-discovery. Like Marcus Aurelius, who considered himself a perpetual student of life rather than a philosopher, I too am exploring these virtues alongside you. Philosophy doesn’t present absolute rights or wrongs but offers a space for reflection and growth.

I’m eager to hear your perspectives. How do you see the four Stoic virtues playing out in your daily life? Have you had experiences where wisdom, courage, justice, or temperance made a difference for you? Let’s start a conversation and learn from one another’s insights. Feel free to share your thoughts, stories, or questions in the comments below.